Meaning: The quote "True science is never speculative; it employs hypotheses as suggesting points for inquiry, but it never adopts the hypotheses as though they were demonstrated propositions" highlights an important principle of scientific inquiry and the distinction between speculation and hypothesis-driven research. Attributed to the American philosopher and psychologist William James, this quote emphasizes the cautious and evidence-based approach that characterizes genuine scientific investigation.

In essence, the quote underscores the fundamental difference between speculation and the formulation of hypotheses in scientific inquiry. Speculation often involves making unfounded claims or assumptions without empirical evidence or rigorous testing. On the other hand, hypotheses in science are formulated based on existing knowledge and serve as starting points for systematic investigation and experimentation.

The phrase "True science is never speculative" suggests that authentic scientific inquiry does not rely on mere conjecture or unfounded assumptions. Instead, it is grounded in empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and the formulation of testable hypotheses. This approach ensures that scientific conclusions are based on robust, verifiable data rather than speculation or intuition.

Furthermore, the quote emphasizes that while hypotheses are essential in guiding scientific inquiry, they are not to be accepted as proven truths without rigorous scrutiny. Hypotheses serve as provisional explanations or predictions that drive the process of experimentation and observation in scientific research. They provide a framework for formulating specific research questions and designing experiments to test their validity.

The distinction drawn in the quote between hypotheses and demonstrated propositions is crucial in understanding the nature of scientific knowledge. Unlike demonstrated propositions, which are firmly established based on empirical evidence and repeated testing, hypotheses are subject to revision and refinement based on new data and experimental findings. This dynamic nature of hypotheses reflects the self-correcting and evolving character of scientific knowledge.

It is important to note that the quote also underscores the provisional nature of hypotheses in scientific inquiry. Hypotheses are not dogmatic assertions but rather tools for guiding inquiry and exploration. They are open to revision and modification in light of new evidence or alternative explanations that may emerge through continued investigation.

In summary, the quote by William James encapsulates the essence of genuine scientific inquiry by highlighting the non-speculative, evidence-based, and hypothesis-driven nature of true science. It emphasizes the critical role of hypotheses in guiding scientific exploration while cautioning against accepting them as indisputable truths without rigorous testing and empirical validation. By adhering to these principles, scientists uphold the integrity and reliability of their research, contributing to the advancement of knowledge and the understanding of the natural world.