Meaning: The quote you have provided is attributed to Thomas Malthus, an economist and demographer, and it reflects the idea of significant and unexpected discoveries leading to the anticipation of major changes in society. To fully understand the meaning and context of this quote, it is essential to delve into the background and work of Thomas Malthus, as well as the historical and intellectual context in which he lived and wrote.

Thomas Malthus was a prominent figure in the field of economics and demography during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He is best known for his influential work "An Essay on the Principle of Population," first published in 1798. In this essay, Malthus put forth his theory that population growth tends to outstrip the means of subsistence, leading to inevitable checks such as famine, disease, and war. This theory, commonly referred to as the Malthusian theory, had a profound impact on subsequent discussions of population dynamics and resource scarcity.

In the quote you provided, Malthus appears to be commenting on the societal and intellectual climate of his time. The "great and unlooked for discoveries" he mentions could refer to the rapid advancements in science, technology, and industry that were occurring during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This period, often referred to as the Industrial Revolution, witnessed unprecedented developments in areas such as manufacturing, transportation, and agriculture, leading to profound transformations in the way people lived and worked.

Furthermore, Malthus's reference to the "opinion that we were touching on a period big with the most important changes" suggests a sense of anticipation and apprehension regarding the future. The rapid pace of change brought about by industrialization, coupled with the upheavals in social and economic structures, likely contributed to a widespread feeling of uncertainty and speculation about what lay ahead for society.

It is important to note that Malthus was writing during a time of significant social and political upheaval in Europe. The French Revolution, which began in 1789, had unleashed a wave of radical political and social changes, challenging established power structures and traditional ways of governing. Additionally, the effects of industrialization were leading to the growth of urban centers, the rise of industrial capitalism, and the emergence of new social classes, all of which had far-reaching implications for the fabric of society.

In light of these developments, Malthus's quote can be seen as a reflection of the prevailing intellectual and cultural climate of the time. The sense of "touching on a period big with the most important changes" conveys a palpable awareness of the transformative forces at work in society, as well as the uncertainty and speculation surrounding the potential outcomes of these changes.

Malthus's own work on population and resources was deeply influenced by this broader context. His theory of population dynamics, with its emphasis on the potential for scarcity and competition for resources, can be viewed as a response to the profound shifts taking place in the economic and social landscape. The fear of overpopulation and its potential consequences, including resource depletion and social instability, was a recurring theme in Malthus's writing and was informed by his observations of the changing world around him.

In conclusion, Thomas Malthus's quote captures the spirit of a time marked by rapid change, uncertainty, and the anticipation of profound societal transformations. It reflects the impact of the Industrial Revolution, the societal upheavals of the time, and Malthus's own concerns about the implications of population growth and resource scarcity. By understanding the historical and intellectual context in which Malthus wrote, we gain insight into the significance of his quote and its relevance to the broader issues of societal change and progress.