Meaning: The quote "Small science, which includes most research in the life sciences all over the world, is science directed usually by an individual senior scientist and a small team of junior associates, perhaps three, ten, fifteen, something in that order" by Daniel Nathans, a renowned scientist, provides insight into the nature and structure of scientific research in the field of life sciences. This quote sheds light on the predominant mode of operation in scientific research, emphasizing the pivotal role played by individual senior scientists and their small teams of junior associates in driving progress and innovation in the life sciences.

In essence, "small science" refers to the fundamental research conducted by individual investigators or small research teams, as opposed to "big science," which typically involves large-scale, collaborative projects often supported by significant institutional or governmental resources. The focus of small science is on the pursuit of knowledge, understanding, and discovery in a specific area of study within the life sciences. This can encompass a wide range of disciplines, including biology, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, and other related fields.

The quote highlights the central role of the senior scientist, who serves as the leader and principal investigator in small science endeavors. These individuals are often highly experienced and respected in their respective fields, possessing a deep understanding of the research questions and methodologies relevant to their work. Their leadership is crucial in shaping the direction of the research and providing mentorship to the junior associates who form the core team.

The small team of junior associates mentioned in the quote represents the collaborative network of researchers working under the guidance of the senior scientist. This team may consist of a few individuals, typically ranging from three to fifteen, who contribute to the research efforts through their specialized skills, expertise, and dedication. These junior associates play a vital role in conducting experiments, analyzing data, and contributing to the overall scientific inquiry, benefiting from the mentorship and guidance provided by the senior scientist.

Furthermore, the quote implies that small science is a global phenomenon, encompassing research activities conducted across diverse geographical locations and scientific institutions worldwide. It underscores the decentralized nature of scientific exploration in the life sciences, with individual senior scientists and their teams driving progress and innovation in their respective domains.

The significance of small science in the life sciences lies in its capacity to foster creativity, innovation, and in-depth exploration of fundamental scientific questions. By allowing individual investigators and small teams to pursue their research interests, small science contributes to the diversity and richness of scientific knowledge, often leading to groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in the field.

In conclusion, Daniel Nathans' quote encapsulates the essence of small science in the life sciences, emphasizing the pivotal role of individual senior scientists and their small teams of junior associates in driving scientific progress and innovation. It highlights the decentralized and collaborative nature of scientific research, underscoring the importance of mentorship, teamwork, and individual creativity in advancing knowledge and understanding within the field of life sciences.