Meaning: The quote you provided is from William Petty, an English economist, and it touches on several key issues that can lead to civil war. Let's break down the quote and discuss its implications.

First, Petty mentions that one of the causes of civil war is the concentration of wealth in the hands of too few individuals. This is a significant point as it speaks to the economic inequality and disparity that often exist within a society. When a nation's wealth is controlled by a small percentage of the population, it can lead to resentment and social unrest among those who are marginalized and economically disadvantaged. This imbalance of wealth distribution can create tension and serve as a catalyst for civil conflict. Additionally, when a select few hold a disproportionate amount of wealth and power, it can exacerbate social divisions and lead to feelings of injustice and disenfranchisement among the majority of the population.

The second part of the quote addresses the lack of certain means to prevent individuals from being driven to extreme measures such as begging, stealing, or becoming soldiers. This highlights the issue of poverty and the absence of social safety nets within a society. When individuals are left without adequate means to support themselves and their families, desperation can set in, leading to criminal behavior or a willingness to join military forces as a means of survival. This aspect of the quote underscores the connection between economic hardship and the potential for conflict within a nation.

In essence, Petty's quote underscores the interconnectedness of economic inequality, social stability, and the potential for civil unrest. It highlights the importance of addressing issues related to wealth distribution, poverty, and the provision of social and economic support systems to prevent the escalation of tensions that could ultimately lead to civil conflict.

In the context of history and contemporary society, Petty's insights remain relevant. Throughout history, numerous civil wars have been fueled by economic disparities, social injustices, and the failure of governments to address the needs of their citizens. From the French Revolution to the Arab Spring, economic grievances have played a central role in sparking and sustaining civil unrest and conflict.

In today's world, we continue to see the ramifications of economic inequality and the potential for civil strife. The concentration of wealth in the hands of a few continues to be a contentious issue in many societies, leading to protests, social movements, and, in some cases, violent conflict. The lack of robust social safety nets and economic opportunities for all segments of the population also contributes to instability and the potential for civil unrest.

Addressing the root causes of civil war, as identified by Petty, requires a multifaceted approach. It involves not only addressing economic inequality and poverty but also ensuring that institutions and policies are in place to promote social cohesion, justice, and opportunity for all members of society. This may include measures such as progressive taxation, access to education and healthcare, social welfare programs, and initiatives to promote economic inclusivity and mobility.

In conclusion, William Petty's quote provides valuable insights into the economic factors that can contribute to civil war. It underscores the importance of addressing issues related to wealth distribution, poverty, and social support systems to mitigate the potential for civil unrest. By understanding and addressing these root causes, societies can work towards building more equitable and stable communities, reducing the likelihood of violent conflict and promoting a more just and prosperous future for all.