Meaning: The quote "To sum up: it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence" is attributed to the mathematician and philosopher William Kingdon Clifford. This statement encapsulates Clifford's philosophy on the importance of evidence and rationality in forming beliefs. It reflects his strong conviction that beliefs should be grounded in empirical evidence and reason rather than superstition or mere faith.

Clifford was a prominent figure in the field of mathematics and philosophy during the 19th century. He was known for his work in geometry and for his contributions to the emerging field of probability theory. However, Clifford's interests extended beyond mathematics, and he also made significant contributions to the field of ethics and epistemology. His essay "The Ethics of Belief," in which the aforementioned quote appears, is a seminal work that addresses the question of whether it is morally permissible to hold beliefs without proper evidence.

In "The Ethics of Belief," Clifford argues that it is not only intellectually irresponsible but also morally wrong to accept beliefs without sufficient evidence. He uses compelling examples to illustrate the potential consequences of holding unjustified beliefs. Clifford's central thesis is that individuals have a moral obligation to critically examine the foundations of their beliefs and to only accept those that are supported by credible evidence. He contends that failing to adhere to this principle can lead to harmful actions and societal consequences.

The quote emphasizes the universality of Clifford's assertion, stating that it is wrong "always, everywhere, and for anyone" to believe anything upon insufficient evidence. This universal condemnation of belief without evidence underscores the seriousness with which Clifford regarded this issue. He was not simply advocating for a personal or subjective approach to belief formation; rather, he was making a sweeping ethical claim about the proper basis for holding beliefs.

Clifford's position has been influential in shaping discussions about rationality, skepticism, and the ethics of belief. It resonates with the ideals of scientific inquiry and critical thinking, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based reasoning in all domains of knowledge. The quote serves as a concise and powerful expression of Clifford's broader philosophical stance, capturing the essence of his argument in a succinct and memorable way.

In contemporary discussions, Clifford's ideas continue to provoke thoughtful debate and reflection. Critics and proponents alike engage with his arguments, considering the implications of his ethical framework for belief formation. The quote remains a touchstone for discussions about the epistemic responsibilities of individuals and the ethical dimensions of holding beliefs.

In conclusion, the quote "To sum up: it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence" encapsulates William Clifford's insistence on the necessity of evidence in belief formation. It reflects his ethical stance on the importance of rational inquiry and critical examination of beliefs. Clifford's ideas continue to be relevant in contemporary discussions about rationality, skepticism, and the ethics of belief, making his work a lasting contribution to philosophical thought.