Meaning: The quote "The reason why China suffers bitterly from endless wars is because of the existence of feudal lords and kings" is attributed to Qin Shi Huang, also known as Qin Huangdi, the first emperor of a unified China. This quote reflects the historical context of ancient China, particularly during the period of the Warring States (475-221 BCE) when the country was fragmented into numerous warring states, each ruled by feudal lords and kings.

During this time, China was characterized by political fragmentation, military conflicts, and social unrest. Feudal lords and kings, each vying for power and dominance, engaged in frequent warfare, leading to widespread suffering and instability for the people. The quote underscores the idea that the existence of feudalism and the competing authority of various rulers contributed to the prolonged and devastating wars that plagued China during this period.

Feudalism, as a social and political system, was marked by the decentralized authority of regional lords and nobles who held significant power over their territories and subjects. This system often led to conflicts and power struggles among the feudal lords, as they sought to expand their domains and increase their influence. The resulting competition and lack of centralized authority created a fertile ground for continuous warfare and instability.

Qin Shi Huang, as the unifier of China, sought to address the problems caused by feudalism and the incessant wars. His reign marked the end of the Warring States period as he successfully conquered and unified the various states under his rule, establishing the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE. One of his most significant achievements was the centralization of power, which involved the dismantling of the feudal system and the establishment of a highly centralized, bureaucratic government.

Qin Shi Huang's approach to governance aimed to eliminate the divisive influence of feudal lords and kings, thereby reducing the likelihood of internal conflict and promoting stability within the newly unified empire. His efforts included standardizing laws, currency, measurements, and the script, as well as implementing a system of centralized administration to exert control over the vast territory.

The quote attributed to Qin Shi Huang reflects his perspective on the underlying causes of China's historical suffering from prolonged warfare. It underscores the detrimental impact of feudal fragmentation and the competing authority of regional rulers on the stability and prosperity of the nation. By acknowledging the role of feudal lords and kings in perpetuating the cycle of wars, the quote aligns with Qin Shi Huang's efforts to centralize power and bring an end to the era of incessant internal conflicts.

In conclusion, the quote attributed to Qin Shi Huang encapsulates the challenges and consequences of feudal fragmentation in ancient China, particularly during the Warring States period. It highlights the role of feudal lords and kings in perpetuating endless wars and the suffering endured by the people. Qin Shi Huang's historical significance as a unifier and centralizer of power further contextualizes the quote within the broader narrative of China's political and social transformation.