Meaning: The quote by Arthur Keith highlights the transformative impact of the discovery of agriculture on human society. Prior to the advent of agriculture, human populations were scattered and divided, with the size of each group being constrained by the natural resources and fertility of the land they inhabited. This quote speaks to the profound shift that occurred in human social organization as a result of the development of agricultural practices.

The discovery of agriculture is widely recognized as a pivotal moment in human history. It marked the transition from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled communities that could sustain larger populations. This shift had far-reaching implications for the development of human societies, leading to the emergence of complex social structures, division of labor, and the accumulation of surplus resources. These developments laid the foundation for the establishment of civilizations and the advancement of human culture and technology.

Prior to the adoption of agriculture, human groups were limited in size by the natural carrying capacity of their environment. The availability of food sources, water, and other resources determined the size and distribution of human populations. In fertile regions, larger groups could be sustained, while in less hospitable areas, populations were smaller and more dispersed. This natural constraint on population size shaped the social dynamics and interactions of early human societies.

With the discovery of agriculture, humans gained the ability to cultivate crops and raise livestock, effectively controlling and increasing the productivity of their environment. This newfound ability allowed for the sustained production of food surpluses, which in turn supported larger and more stable communities. As populations grew, settlements became more permanent, leading to the development of villages, towns, and eventually cities.

The shift to agricultural societies also brought about significant changes in social organization. As communities grew, they became more complex, with the emergence of specialized roles and divisions of labor. Some individuals were able to focus on agricultural production, while others could pursue crafts, trade, or governance. This specialization fostered the development of social hierarchies and the concentration of power and resources within certain segments of society.

The impact of agriculture on human society also extended to cultural and technological advancements. With more stable food supplies, populations had the opportunity to engage in activities beyond basic subsistence, leading to the development of art, architecture, writing, and other cultural achievements. Additionally, the accumulation of surplus resources facilitated the development of tools, technologies, and infrastructure, further propelling human progress.

In conclusion, Arthur Keith's quote captures the profound impact of the discovery of agriculture on human society. The shift from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agricultural communities enabled the growth of larger, more complex societies and laid the groundwork for the development of civilizations. The ability to control and enhance the productivity of the environment through agriculture transformed the trajectory of human history, leading to the emergence of social, cultural, and technological advancements that continue to shape the world today.