Meaning: The quote you've provided is from the English poet and literary critic Matthew Arnold. Arnold was a prominent figure in the Victorian era and is remembered for his contributions to both poetry and cultural criticism. The quote is taken from his essay "On the Study of Celtic Literature," which was first published in 1867.

In this quote, Arnold is referring to the Border Ballads and the Robin Hood Ballads, both of which are part of the oral tradition of English and Scottish folk poetry. These ballads are characterized by their focus on themes of heroism, chivalry, and adventure, often set against the backdrop of medieval England and Scotland. They typically feature courageous outlaws, noble knights, and daring escapades, all of which contribute to a romanticized portrayal of a bygone era.

Arnold's assertion that these ballads "suppose a state of society which is nothing but a very circumscribed and not very important heroic age" reflects his view that the world depicted in these ballads is limited in scope and significance. He suggests that the society depicted in these ballads is not representative of a broader historical reality but rather a narrow and exaggerated portrayal of a specific time and place.

To understand Arnold's perspective, it's important to consider the broader context of his essay. In "On the Study of Celtic Literature," Arnold explores the significance of Celtic literature and its potential impact on English literary tradition. He argues that the Celtic spirit, embodied in the mythology and folklore of the Celtic peoples, offers a valuable contrast to the prevailing materialism and commercialism of Victorian society. Arnold advocates for the study of Celtic literature as a means of revitalizing English literature and reconnecting with a more imaginative and spiritually rich cultural heritage.

In the context of the quote, Arnold's reference to the Border Ballads and the Robin Hood Ballads serves to illustrate his broader point about the limitations of certain forms of literary expression. He suggests that while these ballads may capture the imagination and evoke a sense of nostalgia for a romanticized past, they do not offer a comprehensive or nuanced understanding of historical or societal realities. Instead, they present a stylized and idealized version of a bygone era, emphasizing heroism and adventure at the expense of a more complex and multifaceted portrayal of human experience.

Arnold's critique can be seen as part of his larger effort to promote a more thoughtful and introspective approach to literature and cultural expression. By urging readers to look beyond the superficial allure of heroic ballads and consider the broader implications of literary representation, Arnold encourages a more critical engagement with the ways in which literature shapes our understanding of the past and present.

In conclusion, Matthew Arnold's quote about the Border Ballads and the Robin Hood Ballads reflects his skepticism toward the romanticized portrayal of a heroic age in these traditional folk poems. He challenges readers to consider the limitations of such representations and to engage with literature in a more thoughtful and critical manner. Arnold's broader concerns about the cultural and spiritual significance of literature are evident in this quote, as he seeks to encourage a deeper appreciation for the complexities of human experience and historical reality.