Meaning: The quote by Charles Hodge, a prominent American Presbyterian theologian, addresses the concept of the Church in Christian theology. Hodge critiques the "Popish theory," a term often used to refer to Roman Catholic doctrines or practices, and specifically the idea that Christ, the Apostles, and believers constituted the Church while Jesus was on earth, and this organization was intended to be perpetual.

Hodge's critique of the "Popish theory" reflects a theological disagreement between Protestant and Catholic perspectives on the nature and continuity of the Church. In the context of this quote, Hodge is likely expressing a Protestant perspective that emphasizes the distinction between the earthly ministry of Christ and the subsequent formation and expansion of the Church.

From a Protestant viewpoint, the Church is seen as emerging and evolving after Christ's ascension, particularly with the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost as described in the New Testament book of Acts. This perspective emphasizes the role of the Apostles and early believers in establishing and spreading the Christian faith, rather than viewing the Church as a pre-existing institution during Christ's earthly ministry.

Hodge's criticism of the "Popish theory" may also reflect broader theological debates about the authority and structure of the Church. In Roman Catholic theology, the doctrine of apostolic succession is central to the understanding of the Church, emphasizing the continuity of leadership and teaching from the Apostles to the present-day hierarchy of bishops and the Pope. The "Popish theory" alluded to by Hodge may be seen as an oversimplification or misrepresentation of Catholic beliefs about the origins and perpetuity of the Church.

In the broader context of Protestant-Catholic relations, Hodge's critique of the "Popish theory" also reflects historical and doctrinal differences between these traditions. The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century challenged many aspects of Catholic doctrine and practice, including the understanding of the Church, leading to enduring theological disagreements.

Hodge, as a theologian within the Reformed tradition, would have been deeply engaged in these theological discussions and would have sought to articulate a distinctively Protestant perspective on the nature and history of the Church. His critique of the "Popish theory" can be understood as part of this broader effort to delineate the theological differences between Protestantism and Catholicism.

In conclusion, Charles Hodge's quote highlights the theological differences between Protestant and Catholic perspectives on the nature and continuity of the Church. His critique of the "Popish theory" reflects a Protestant viewpoint that emphasizes the post-ascension development of the Church, distinct from the earthly ministry of Christ and the immediate circle of Apostles. Understanding the historical and doctrinal context of Protestant-Catholic relations is essential for appreciating the significance of Hodge's critique and its place within the broader theological discourse.